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Hypoglossal nerve
The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve XII, and innervates muscles of the tongue. The name hypoglossus springs from the fact that its passage is below the tongue, ''hypo'' meaning "under", and ''glossus'' meaning "tongue", both of which are from Ancient Greek. The nerve is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech, food manipulation (i.e. formation of bolus), and swallowing.
==Structure==
The hypoglossal nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus of the caudal brain stem emerging from the ventromedial medulla oblongata from a number of smaller rootlets〔 in the preolivary sulcus separating the ''olive'' and the ''pyramid''. After passing through the subarachnoid space the nerve then exits the skull-base of the posterior fossa through the hypoglossal canal.〔 On emerging from the hypoglossal canal, it gives off a small meningeal branch and picks up a branch from the anterior ramus of C1. Following in near proximity to the vagus and spinal division of the accessory nerve,〔 it spirals behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath. After passing deep to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, it passes to the submandibular region, passes lateral to the hyoglossus muscle, and inferior to the lingual nerve to reach and efferently innervate the tongue.
Afferens from muscle spindles on ipsilateral sides of the tongue follow first the hypoglossal nerve, moving onto the lingual nerve which synapses on the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus.〔
Innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus from the motor cortex is bilateral.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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